AI evidence extraction

An emerging AI4Academia model: exploring the ethical implications of GenAI in higher education

Batool Hendal · Information Discovery and Delivery · 2026

AI-generated evidence extraction, verified across multiple analytical personas. Not a substitute for the peer-reviewed original.

9/10

Relevance

1/4

Quality (LMQS)

Evidence

Citations

0.00

FWCI

This is an AI analysis. Read the peer-reviewed original at the publisher: https://doi.org/10.1108/idd-01-2026-0024

Methodology & findings

Study design

Mixed methods study employing both qualitative and quantitative data collection via an online questionnaire created using Microsoft Forms, distributed from October 2024 to December 2024.

Sample

N = 119, 2 groups

Primary method

Descriptive statistics to analyze and present survey responses. Thematic analysis employed for qualitative questions, defined as method to "identify patterns within and across data in relation to participants' lived experience, views and perspectives, and behavior and practices; experiential research which seeks to understand what participants think, feel, and do."

Main result

The study found that "the main resources for both groups of Imams were their personal libraries, followed by the Internet, specifically e-libraries and websites." Printed books were the most commonly used source for Sunni Imams (82 users), while Shia Imams showed preference for e-research and e-books. Additionally, "more than half of the Imams either disagreed that the Ministry provided information resources or were ignorant of such resources," with only 45% of Sunni Imams confirming that the Ministry offered information literacy workshops.

Reports effect sizes.

Research paradigm

Mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative)

Author conclusions

"The fundamental challenge that must be addressed and overcome is enhancing the role of the Ministry of Awqaf, as highlighted by the Imams' ignorance of the resources and workshops offered by the Ministry." The authors recommend that "the Ministry of Awqaf should investigate and meet Imams' information needs" and "should consider making information literacy skills courses or workshops a prerequisite for appointing Imams. This initiative would benefit not only Imams but also the Ministry, and the prayers."

Risk of bias

Selection bias: Low response rate from Sunni mosques (5.61% of total population) compared to Shia mosques (31% of total population); Self-selection bias: Participants recruited through WhatsApp and social media may differ from non-respondents; Social desirability bias: Online survey format may influence responses regarding use of Ministry services; Researcher positionality: Female researcher unable to conduct face-to-face interviews due to gender restrictions in mosques; Sampling frame bias: Reliance on different organizational sources for population statistics (Ministry of Awqaf vs. Jaafari Waqf); Selection bias: Low response rate from Sunni mosques (5.61% of total population) vs. higher response from Shia mosques (31% of total population); Sampling bias: Reliance on social media (WhatsApp groups and X/Twitter) for distribution may exclude older or less technology-aware Imams; Gender bias: Female researcher unable to access male-only sections of mosques, requiring mediation through social media; Recall bias: Self-reported information about resource usage and Ministry services; Selection bias: Low response rate for Sunni mosques (5.61% of total population) compared to Shia mosques (31%), creating unequal representation; Geographic bias: Reliance on social media distribution (WhatsApp and X/Twitter) may exclude older Imams or those with limited technology access; Gender bias: Female researcher unable to conduct face-to-face interviews due to gender restrictions in mosque settings, potentially missing nuanced data from direct communication; Social desirability bias: Self-reported information behavior through online survey may not reflect actual practices; Coverage bias: Data collection method (social media platforms) may systematically exclude certain segments of the Imam population

Limitations

"It was difficult to reach all the mosques, especially because the Imam's area is restricted only to men, and no women are allowed to enter
Since the researcher was female, she was unable to contact the Imams face-to-face and had to use social media or mediators." Additionally, "another limitation was the different statistics for the Shia mosques: one stated that there were 33 mosques with names and locations, and the other included 44 names but provided no elaboration on the names and locations of these extra 10 mosques."

Open questions raised

Need to investigate the availability and nature of mosque libraries in Kuwait for both Sunni and Shia mosques
Limited understanding of why mosque libraries have restricted usage and whether this is due to unavailability or limited resources and facilities
Lack of research examining whether mosque libraries in Kuwait are fulfilling their role in religious and educational development, as emphasized by Khaddafi and Hasan (2024)
Future studies should investigate the websites of the Ministry of Awqaf and other mosques to explore information resources available to all Imams in Kuwait
Need to investigate the availability and nature of mosque libraries in Kuwait for both Sunni and Shia mosques, particularly for Shia Imams who showed no usage of mosque libraries
Further research needed to determine whether mosque libraries in Kuwait are fulfilling the role of religious and educational development in communities

Extracted from: pdfAgreement 63%

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Institutional Policy AI Governance Mixed Methods